Exploring variations in IPC competencies: a cross-sectional study among healthcare professionals in Northwest China

Background This cross-sectional study investigates infection prevention and control (IPC) competencies among healthcare professionals in northwest China, examining the influence of demographic factors, job titles, education, work experience, and hospital levels. Methods Data from 874 respondents across 47 hospitals were collected through surveys assessing 16 major IPC domains. Statistical analyses, including Mann-Whitney tests, were employed to compare competencies across variables. Results Significant differences were identified based on gender, job titles, education, work experience, and hospital levels. Females demonstrated higher IPC competencies, while senior positions exhibited superior performance. Higher educational attainment and prolonged work experience positively correlated with enhanced competencies. Variances across hospital levels underscored context-specific competencies. Conclusion Demographic factors and professional variables significantly shape IPC competencies. Tailored training, considering gender differences and job roles, is crucial. Higher education and prolonged work experience positively impact proficiency. Context-specific interventions are essential for diverse hospital settings, informing strategies to enhance IPC skills and mitigate healthcare-associated infections effectively.


Background
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) represent a persistent and concerning threat to patient safety, emphasizing the critical need for robust infection prevention and control (IPC) measures within healthcare settings [1,2].The prevalence of HAIs not only jeopardizes the wellbeing of patients but also poses challenges to the overall effectiveness and sustainability of healthcare systems [3].In response to these challenges, healthcare institutions worldwide have established dedicated IPC teams comprising professionals with specialized knowledge and skills to design and implement effective strategies [4,5].
Effective IPC practices directly impact patient outcomes and overall healthcare quality.By reducing the incidence and transmission of HAIs, IPC measures play a pivotal role in safeguarding patient safety and improving healthcare outcomes.Moreover, effective IPC practices alleviate the burden of HAIs on healthcare systems.HAIs lead to increased morbidity and mortality rates, prolonged hospital stays, elevated healthcare costs, and resource strain.By preventing infections, healthcare facilities can enhance efficiency, optimize resource utilization, and elevate the quality of care provided to patients.The individuals at the forefront of these efforts, known as IPC specialists, play a pivotal role in preventing and controlling the spread of infections within medical facilities [6].As the complexity of healthcare delivery continues to evolve, the role of IPC professionals becomes increasingly intricate.Their core competencies form the foundation for safeguarding patients, healthcare workers, and the broader community from the detrimental impact of healthcare-associated infections [7].
In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the imperative to enhance the core competencies of IPC professionals becomes even more pronounced [8][9][10].These professionals must not only confront traditional infectious challenges but also adeptly respond to emerging threats such as the novel coronavirus.Therefore, continuous improvement in their knowledge base and skills, coupled with the ongoing refinement of infection control strategies, holds strategic importance in protecting patients, healthcare workers, preserving public health, and effectively responding to the spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 [11].In this context, enhancing the core competencies of IPC professionals within healthcare institutions is an urgent and indispensable task [8].
Understanding the specific core competencies required by IPC specialists is essential for tailoring education and training programs that empower these professionals to meet the dynamic demands of their roles.The ability to effectively respond to emerging infectious threats, conduct thorough epidemiological investigations, implement stringent environmental monitoring, and educate healthcare personnel on best practices are just a few examples of the multifaceted skills demanded by this profession [12,13].
This research endeavors to explore and delineate the essential core competencies of IPC specialists within healthcare institutions in Northwest China.By doing so, it aims to contribute valuable insights into the intricacies of their roles and responsibilities, paving the way for targeted training programs that address the specific needs of these professionals.The significance of this study lies in its potential to enhance the competency of IPC specialists, ultimately fortifying healthcare systems against the constant threat of healthcare-associated infections.

Materials and methods
This cross-sectional study collected a total of 1021 questionnaire responses from 47 hospitals in the Northwestern region of China, spanning the period from November 2022 to November 2023.Of these, 874 responses with complete information were deemed valid.The questionnaire encompassed 16 major sections and 64 subitems(among the 16 major sections, the maximum number of sub-items is 7, while the minimum number is Each item included a self-assessment of the individual's current proficiency in the respective core competency.Scores ranged from 1 (completely unacquainted) to 4 (fully proficient), with partial and basic proficiency represented by scores of 2 and 3, respectively.The total score for each participant across the 16 major sections was then calculated.All participants provided informed consent, and the study obtained approval from the Medical Ethics Committee.
For general information, frequencies, and percentages were utilized.Collective performance in each core competency was described using mean and standard deviation (SD).Additionally, to account for uncertainty, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for each core competency.Comparative analyses were presented using mean and SD, and inter-group comparisons were conducted using the Mann-Whitney test (GraphPad Prism version 9).A significance level of P < 0.05 was considered indicative of statistical differences.

Results
The participants in the survey had an average age of 38.29 ± 9.217 years, with an age range of 21 to 66 years.In terms of gender distribution, the results revealed that 10.65% were male, while 89.35% were female.Regarding professional positions, 28.84% were heads of Infection Control Departments, and 71.16% were staff members.Concerning professional titles, 44.39% held junior positions, 27.94% held intermediate positions, 16.48% held associate senior positions, and 11.20% held senior positions.Work experience varied, with 17.28% having ≤ 3 years, 10.42% having 3-6 years, 11.20% having 7-10 years, and 61.12% having ≥ 10 years.The participants had diverse professional backgrounds: 18.54% in clinical medicine, 61.01% in nursing, 12.13% in public health, 3.43% in preventive medicine, 1.49% in pharmacy, 3.09% in clinical laboratory science, and 0.34% in other fields.Educational backgrounds included 36.84% with diploma and below, 60.03% with a bachelor's degree, and 3.09% with a master's degree or higher.Regarding the duration of engagement in infection prevention and control work, 58.05% had ≤ 3 years, 19.33% had 3-6 years, 11.68% had 7-10 years, and 11.00% had ≥ 10 years.About participation in professional training during infection control work, 32.02% participated, while 67.98% did not.Lastly, with respect to hospital levels, 5.27% were from level 1 hospitals, 65.82% from level 2 hospitals, and 28.91% from level 3 hospitals (as shown in Table 1).
According to  Occupational Health all displayed significant differences favoring Senior Associates.These findings underscore the influence of job titles on the acquisition and application of IPC core competencies, emphasizing the need for targeted training and professional development programs tailored to specific job roles.
Educational levels' impact on the proficiency of infection prevention and control (IPC) core competencies among healthcare professionals was assessed, revealing significant differences (Table 5).Across all domains, individuals with a Bachelor's degree and above consistently exhibited higher mean scores compared to those with a diploma and below (p < 0.05).These findings emphasize the positive association between higher educational attainment and enhanced proficiency in IPC core competencies, underscoring the importance of educational qualifications in shaping competency levels among healthcare professionals.
The impact of years of work experience on the proficiency of infection prevention and control (IPC) core competencies among healthcare professionals was explored, revealing substantial differences (Table 6).For each core competency, individuals with more than 6 years of work experience consistently demonstrated higher mean scores compared to those with 6 years and below (p < 0.0001).These findings underscore the positive association between longer professional experience and heightened proficiency in IPC core competencies, emphasizing the importance of accumulated work experience in shaping competency levels among healthcare professionals.
According to the results in Table 7, we found that all core competencies were higher among individuals with over 3 years of experience in infection prevention and control work compared to those with 3 years or less of experience.This trend was observed across The influence of participation in further education on the proficiency of infection prevention and control (IPC) core competencies was examined, highlighting significant differences across competencies (Table 8).Individuals who engaged in further education exhibited consistently higher mean scores compared to those who did not participate (p < 0.0001) across all core competencies.These findings underscore the positive association between active participation in further education and enhanced proficiency in IPC core competencies, emphasizing the importance of ongoing educational initiatives in maintaining and improving professional competency levels among healthcare practitioners.
The investigation into variations in infection prevention and control (IPC) core competencies based on hospital level (Table 9) revealed significant differences across diverse competencies.In Level 1 and 2 Hospitals compared to Level 3 Hospitals, there were notable distinctions (p < 0.    Precautions, Cleaning and Reprocessing of Medical Devices, and several infection prevention domains, indicating their enhanced competence in these critical areas.The observed gender-specific advantages highlight the need for tailored training programs acknowledging these differences.The significant gender gap in Cleaning and Reprocessing of Medical Devices suggests that female healthcare professionals excel in the intricacies of medical device sterilization and maintenance.Moreover, their higher scores in preventive measures against catheterrelated infections and surgical site infections underscore their proficiency in ensuring patient safety during invasive procedures.The preference for females in IPC Education and Training, Quality and Patient Safety, and Occupational Health signifies their potential leadership in these realms.Research has shown that female physicians have outnumbered male participants in leading IPC programs [14].Additionally, a study by P. Hlongwa indicates that females may have enhanced competence in some areas [15].Furthermore, a study by Akan et al. found that the risk perception of males was significantly lower than that of females, indicating that females may have a better understanding of the risks associated with infection, which could contribute to their enhanced competence in IPC [16].To optimize IPC competencies, healthcare institutions should recognize and leverage these gender-specific strengths, tailoring training initiatives to empower both male and female professionals effectively.This nuanced understanding contributes to fostering a diverse and skilled IPC workforce, ultimately enhancing healthcare outcomes.Our investigation into the impact of job titles on infection prevention and control (IPC) competencies among healthcare professionals unveils substantial disparities, particularly between Junior and Senior Associate positions.The consistent outperformance of Senior Associates across all domains, including IPC Project Management and Leadership, Architectural Environment, Basic Microbiology, and various preventive measures, accentuates the pivotal influence of job roles on competency acquisition.This may be attributed to the self-perception and motivational abilities of individuals in higher-level positions, fostering IPC competence [17,18].This underscores the necessity for targeted training  and development initiatives tailored to specific professional levels, ensuring a more nuanced and effective enhancement of IPC skills.Moving to educational levels, our findings reveal a clear association between higher educational attainment and increased proficiency in IPC core competencies.Individuals with a Bachelor's degree and above consistently exhibited higher mean scores across all domains compared to those with a diploma and below.This underscores the importance of educational qualifications in shaping the competency landscape among healthcare professionals in infection prevention and control.It has been found that clinical nurse educators with higher levels of education and greater lengths of work experience often report higher self-assessed levels of competence, highlighting the impact of educational backgrounds on competence levels [19].Institutions and policymakers should recognize the pivotal role of educational backgrounds, encouraging and facilitating continuous learning to ensure a skilled and competent IPC workforce capable of addressing evolving healthcare challenges.
The exploration of the impact of work experience on infection prevention and control (IPC) core competencies reveals a compelling association between longer professional tenure and heightened proficiency.Individuals with over 6 years of experience consistently demonstrated superior mean scores across all competencies, emphasizing the pivotal role of accumulated work experience in shaping the competency levels among healthcare professionals in IPC.Reeves et al. suggests that with more work experience, professionals are likely to have engaged in more IPE, thereby strengthening their IPC core competency [20].This underscores the importance of recognizing and leveraging the expertise gained through years of practical engagement, advocating for continued professional development and mentorship.
Turning to the influence of further education, our investigation illuminates a positive correlation between active participation in ongoing educational initiatives and enhanced proficiency in IPC core competencies.Individuals engaged in further education consistently exhibited higher mean scores across all competencies, underscoring the crucial role of continuous learning in maintaining and elevating professional competency levels among healthcare practitioners in infection prevention and control.The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)-commissioned Training in Infection Control in Europe project emphasizes the need for education in infection control and sets the stage for harmonization of IPC activities by issuing a list of core competencies for IPC professionals, further supporting the significance of educational qualifications in IPC [21].Moreover, a study on interprofessional collaboration demonstrates that exposure to interprofessional education activities holds promise for enhancing IPC in clinical settings, emphasizing the role of education in promoting collaborative competence among healthcare professionals [22].This emphasizes the imperative for healthcare institutions to facilitate and encourage access to educational opportunities, ensuring practitioners stay abreast of evolving best practices and advancements in IPC.
Analyzing variations based on hospital levels unravels noteworthy distinctions in IPC competencies.Level 1 and 2 Hospitals, compared to Level 3 Hospitals, exhibit significant differences across various competencies.This could be attributed to higher-level hospitals having a more comprehensive approach to the daily training of healthcare personnel and the setup of departments.It implies that higher-level hospitals possess stronger overall capabilities in responding to infectious diseases, enabling them to better handle various types of illnesses and medical situations [23].This underscores the impact of the hospital level on the proficiency of healthcare practitioners, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions and educational programs catering to specific hospital settings.Such targeted approaches can contribute significantly to enhancing IPC skills and knowledge in a manner that is both effective and contextually relevant to the diverse healthcare landscapes within different hospital levels.
Despite the valuable insights gained, this study has limitations.Its cross-sectional design hinders establishing causation and observing changes over time.The focus on healthcare professionals in northwest China may limit generalizability to other regions.Self-assessment introduces social desirability bias, and the study lacks exploration of specific training programs.Additionally, while identifying differences in IPC competencies, it does not delve into the underlying reasons.Recognizing these limitations is crucial for interpreting findings and guiding future research efforts.
In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of infection prevention and control competencies among healthcare professionals in northwest China.Demographic factors, job titles, education, work experience, and hospital levels significantly influence these competencies.Gender-specific variations and the impact of further education underscore the need for tailored training.Disparities between junior and senior positions highlight the importance of targeted professional development.Higher education positively correlates with enhanced proficiency.Longer work experience contributes to heightened competencies.Variances based on hospital levels emphasize the context-specific nature of IPC skills.Acknowledging these factors is vital for designing effective interventions and improving healthcare-associated infection prevention strategies.
2.), covering critical domains such as Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) Project Management and Leadership, Architectural Environment of Medical Institutions, Basic Microbiology, Prevention of Antibiotic Resistance, Monitoring Healthcare-Associated Infections, Standard Precautions, Transmission-Based Precautions, Cleaning and Reprocessing of Medical Devices, Prevention of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections, Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections, Prevention of Surgical Site Infections, Prevention of Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia, Prevention and Management of Healthcare-Associated Infection Outbreaks, IPC Education and Training, Quality and Patient Safety, and Occupational Health.We referenced the "WHO Core Competencies of Infection Prevention and Control Practitioners" and tailored our core competency questionnaire to align with the specific circumstances in China.
05) in IPC Project Management and Leadership, Healthcare Facility Environment, Basic Microbiology, Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance, Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections, Standard Precautions, Transmission-Based Precautions, Prevention of Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infections, Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections, Prevention of Surgical Site Infections, Prevention of Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia, Prevention and

Table 1
General Information of Participants Infection prevention and control (IPC).

Table 2
Overall core competencies Table3).While no significant disparities were noted in several domains, notable variations surfaced.IPC Project Management and Leadership revealed a significant difference (p = 0.0126), favoring females (16.09 ± 5.249) over males(14.43± 5.069).disparities emerged, highlighting the impact of job titles on competencies.All domains exhibited significant differences between Junior and Senior Associate positions (p < 0.0001).Senior Associates consistently outperformed their Junior counterparts.IPC Project Management and Leadership demonstrated a notable distinction.Similarly, the Architectural Environment of Healthcare Institutions, Basic Microbiology, Prevention of Antibiotic Resistance, Monitoring Healthcare-Associated Infections, Standard Precautions, Transmission-Based Precautions, Cleaning and Reprocessing of Medical Devices and Equipment, Prevention of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections, Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections, Prevention of Surgical Site Infections, Prevention of Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia, Prevention and Management of Healthcare-Associated Infection Outbreaks, IPC Education and Training, Quality and Patient Safety, and Infection prevention and control (IPC) control (IPC) were examined ((p = 0.0013).IPC Education and Training (p = 0.0256), Quality and Patient Safety (p = 0.0485), and Occupational Health (p = 0.0359) also favored females.These findings underline gender-specific variations in IPC competencies, suggesting tailored training approaches for enhanced professional development.Differences in core competencies across various job titles among healthcare professionals in infection prevention and control (IPC) were investigated (Table4).

Table 3
Gender Differences in Core Competencies

Table 4
Differences in Job Titles for Core Competencies

Table 5
Differences in Educational Levels for Core Competencies

Table 6
Differences in Core Competencies by Years of Work Experience Infection prevention and control (IPC).

Table 7
Differences in Core Competencies by Years of Engaging in Infection Prevention and Control Work Infection prevention and control (IPC).

Table 8
Differences in Core Competencies by Participation in Further Education

Table 9
Differences in Core Competencies by Hospital Level Infection prevention and control (IPC).